Losing your spouse is one of the most difficult things you might face in life. Although it is important to take time to grieve, there are also some crucial steps you need to take as soon as possible to address your spouse’s accounts and property and secure your own future. If your spouse’s estate plan, or the plan you and your spouse crafted together, has a disclaimer provision, there are some time sensitive decisions to be made. One of those time-sensitive decisions is whether to disclaim (refuse to accept) money or property that you will otherwise receive as a trust beneficiary.

Disclaimer Provisions in Estate Planning

State and federal law set forth the requirements that you must meet in order for the disclaimer to work as intended. Under Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) § 2518, a qualified disclaimer is simply an irrevocable, unqualified refusal to accept a gift or bequest of a property interest. The disclaimer allows the interest in property to pass to someone other than the beneficiary who originally would have received it, and it is not considered a taxable gift from the first beneficiary to the next beneficiary in line. There is a special exemption under I.R.C. § 2518(b)(4) that allows a surviving spouse to benefit from disclaimed money or property, but taking advantage of the exemption requires careful planning.

A qualified disclaimer must meet the following requirements:

• It must be made in writing as required by state law.
• It must be made within nine months after your spouse’s date of death.
• You must not accept the property interest or its benefits.
• The interest must pass to someone other than you without any direction by you (the person who is disclaiming the interest).

There are several steps you should take to ensure that you make timely decisions and properly disclaim a property interest if you choose to do so:

Step 1: Locate the Estate Planning Documents.

Your estate planning documents are one of the first sources of direction about what should happen next. Your spouse’s documents contain the roadmap that indicates what they wanted to happen to their property and money, and they were likely designed in coordination with your own estate plan. A will or trust may include a provision specifying how particular property should be handled if the original beneficiary disclaims their interest in it. Your estate planning attorney will need to have those documents to advise you about the best course of action.

Step 2: Meet with Your Estate Planning Attorney.

The legal process of what to do with an estate after someone dies is often complicated, and it is important to seek the help of your estate planning attorney. Because of the limited time (typically nine months) during which you must elect to disclaim accounts and property, you will need to make an appointment with your attorney as soon as you can. Your attorney will review your spouse’s estate plan with you, can help you determine if it contains disclaimer provisions, and if so, whether you should consider disclaiming your interest in a will or trust and the effect of such a disclaimer.

Because of the unlimited marital deduction under federal tax law for US citizens, spouses are permitted to transfer an unrestricted amount of accounts and property to each other at any time during their life or at their death, free of taxes. However, any transferred amounts will usually be included in your estate. If you and your spouse had a large amount of wealth, using a disclaimer is one strategy for taking advantage of the lifetime estate tax exemption.

Currently, the lifetime exemption amount is historically high. In 2023, the federal estate tax exclusion amount is $12.92 million for an individual and $25.84 million for a married couple, and only estates that exceed this amount are subject to estate tax. However, the current estate tax exclusion amount is scheduled to be reduced by half at the end of 2025, This means many more estates will soon be subject to estate taxes unless the law is changed. If your estate is likely to be subject to federal estate taxes, disclaiming an inheritance may make sense. This is especially true if the beneficiary specified in the trust document as the next in line is less likely to be subject to estate taxes, or if the trust specifies that the disclaimed property can be transferred to another trust that will benefit you without being included in your estate.

Keep in mind, however, that for federal estate and gift taxes purposes, after your spouse’s death, you must file an estate tax return and make a portability election that will allow your deceased spouse’s unused exclusion amount (known as the deceased spousal unused exclusion (DSUE) amount) to be applied to your subsequent transfers during life or at death. For example, if your spouse’s gross estate is valued at $5 million and does not qualify for the unlimited marital deduction, you can elect to have their unused estate tax exemption of $7.92 million transferred to you. As a result, your estate would have a total exemption of $20.84 million ($12.92 million plus $7.92 million) in 2023, so a disclaimer may not be necessary unless you and your spouse have very large estates.

Your estate planning attorney will help you determine the best strategy to minimize your estate taxes or whether a disclaimer may be useful to achieve other goals, for example, to provide funds to a beneficiary that is next in line to receive the benefits of the trust and has a greater need for it than you.

Step 3: Include Financial and Tax Professionals in the Conversation.

In addition to your attorney, involve your financial advisor, accountant, and other financial or tax professionals in the conversation. This team of professionals will help you determine the value of the accounts and property you will inherit from your spouse, as well as the value of your own estate, to determine if a portability election will provide adequate protection or if disclaiming some of the accounts and property in your spouse’s estate or held in trust for your benefit is the better strategy. They will help you consider all the important variables, including the impact of a disclaimer on your family members: Will they have to pay estate tax at your death if you do not disclaim your interest in the trust? Or will the beneficiary who receives the inheritance after a disclaimer be negatively impacted, for example, by increased income taxes if they receive trust income that pushes them into a higher tax bracket?

We Are Here to Help

Using a disclaimer provision in a will or trust is a strategy that you may not have considered, but it may be a great way for you to achieve your estate planning and tax-savings goals. We can help you evaluate your unique circumstances to determine whether a disclaimer will benefit you and your loved ones, as well as assist you in meeting any looming deadlines and avoiding possible pitfalls. Nielsen Law PLLC provides family focused estate planning in the Austin, Round Rock, Cedar Park, and the Central Texas area. For more information and to learn about our firm, please contact us. We look forward to hearing from you.